Упр.15 Unit 1 ГДЗ Enjoy English 11 класс

Read the text about these kinds of languages and find two names that are a combination of Russian and English. Explain how they came about.

All these languages come from word combinations that describe certain local variants of English. They developed as a means of communication between two or more language groups that do not share a common language. Although the names of these languages look similar, they are actually quite different. Some genuinely mix the languages, some alter between English and the other language, some are local dialects of English used by English speakers themselves, and some are just non-native pronunciations of English.

As a term for describing the Russian-English pidgin language, “Runglish” was popularised in the year 2000 when it was used as the language aboard the International Space Station. Although less widespread than other variants, Runglish is spoken in a number of English-Russian communities, most notably the Russian-speaking Jewish community of Brighton Beach in Brooklyn, New York.

Arthur C. Clarke’s novel 2010: Odyssey Two mentions a similarly named language, Russlish. The small subplot in Arthur C. Clarke’s novel 2010 involved the crew of a Russo-American spaceship, who attempted to battle their boredom with a so-called “Stamp Out Russlish!” campaign. As the story went, both crews were fully fluent in each other’s languages, to the point that they found themselves crossing over languages in mid-conversation, or even simply speaking the other language even when there was no one present who had it as their native tongue.

Use of “Russlish” in space has been realised to some extent on the International Space Station. Cosmonaut Sergei Krikalyov said in October of 2000: “We say jokingly that we communicate in ‘Runglish’, a mixture of Russian and English languages, so that when we are short of words in one language we can use the other, because all the crew members speak both languages well.”