Упр.15 Unit 1 2020 ГДЗ Enjoy English 11 класс
Read the text about these kinds of languages. How do they appear?
Pidgins are new languages which develop as a means of communication among people who don’t have a common language. They are only used for oral communication and have smaller vocabularies and simpler grammar than native languages. Their function is often limited so they do not last very long. Pidgins don’t have native speakers and they usually disappear when communities move apart. However, if a Pidgin survives, it can develop into a Creole language to become a next generation mother tongue.
It is still uncertain where the word “pidgin” comes from. It has been in use since 1850 when it first appeared in print. The most wide-spread view is that the word “pidgin” comes from the Chinese pronunciation of the English word “business.” Another idea suggests that the word originates from the English word “pigeon”. This bird was used in the past for carrying brief written messages.
The Russian-English pidgin language, Runglish, became known in 2000 when it was used as the language aboard the International Space Station. Cosmonaut Sergei Krikalyov said: “We say jokingly that we communicate in Runglish, a mixture of Russian and English languages, so that when we are short of words in one language, we can use the other, because all the crew members speak both languages well.” Since then Runglish has been listed as one of the on-board languages by NASA. Although it’s not as popular as other pidgins, it is spoken in a number of English-Russian communities, especially the Russian-speaking community of Brighton Beach in Brooklyn, New York.
Numerous scientists have become interested in pidgins in the last few decades because by studying these young languages it is possible to see how new languages appear and develop.
Pidgins appear when people who do not have a common language need to communicate. They are formed from different languages and usually have a small vocabulary and simple grammar. If a pidgin survives and continues to be used, it can develop into a creole language.
The word pidgin probably appeared in the 19th century. One common explanation is that it comes from the Chinese pronunciation of the English word business. Another version says that it comes from the English word pigeon.
Runglish appeared when Russian and English speakers needed a mixed language, for example on the International Space Station. It is a mixture of Russian and English and is used when speakers can switch between the two languages.
Scientists are interested in pidgins because these languages show how new languages appear and develop.
